Problem solving has been defined in the literature as engaging in a decision-making process leading to a goal, in which the course of thought needed to solve the problem is not certain (Novick and Bassok, 2005; Bassok and Novick, 2012; National Research Council, 2012; Prevost and Lemons, 2016). Ample research shows that students have difficulty learning how to solve complex problems in many disciplines. For example, in biology and chemistry, students often omit critical information or recall i


